Military Transition

Veterans’ Preference: A Tangible Expression Of Appreciation And Support

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When I think about the many ways our country shows gratitude to our veterans, the most tangible is found in ‘veterans’ preference.’

The roots of veterans’ preference can be traced back to the aftermath of World War I. As soldiers returned home from the grueling battles abroad, the nation recognized the need to reintegrate these brave men and women into civilian life. Beyond parades and memorials, there was a genuine understanding that these individuals deserved opportunities to build their post-war lives. Hence, the preference policy was born, giving military veterans a leg up when seeking government employment.

‍Veterans’ Preference Evolution Through Time

Congress continued to update and provide veterans’ preference to those who served beyond World War I. On March 3, 1865, just prior to the end of the American Civil War, Congress updated veterans’ preference to ensure those who served in the Army and Navy were given preference in civil appointments.

“Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, [t]hat persons honorably discharged from the military or naval service by reason of disability resulting from wounds or sickness incurred in the line of duty, should be preferred for appointments to civil offices, provided they shall be found to possess the business capacity necessary for the proper discharge of the duties of such offices” (Veteran Hiring in the Civil Service: Practices and Perceptions, August 2014).

Today, under the current the veterans’ preference policy, eligible veterans who apply for federal jobs are given preference over non-veterans. This means that if a veteran and a non-veteran have the same qualifications for a position, the veteran will be given preference and awarded the job. In some cases, veterans may even receive additional points on their application scores.  

The policy has been expanded over time to include not only those who served during wartime but also those who served during peacetime. In addition, the policy applies to not just federal jobs but also some state and local government jobs.

‍The Importance of Veterans’ Preference

One of the main reasons for implementing veterans’ preference was to provide opportunities to veterans who may have been disadvantaged due to their time serving in the military. Many veterans face challenges when transitioning back to civilian life, including finding employment. Veterans’ preference helps to level the playing field and provide veterans with an advantage in the job market.

Another benefit of veterans’ preference is that it helps to ensure that the government has a diverse workforce. Veterans come from all walks of life and have a variety of skills and experiences. By giving them preference in employment, the government is able to tap into a diverse pool of talent.

There are some who argue that veterans’ preference can be unfair to non-veterans who are equally qualified for a job. However, supporters of the policy argue that veterans have made sacrifices for their country and deserve to be given preference in employment opportunities.

While veterans’ preference is an important policy, it is not a guarantee of employment for veterans. Veterans still need to meet the qualifications for the job they are applying for and compete with other candidates. However, veterans’ preference can give them an advantage and help them to better compete in the job market.

In conclusion, veterans’ preference is an important policy that recognizes the sacrifices made by veterans and provides them with opportunities for employment. While some may argue that it is unfair to non-veterans, supporters argue that it helps to ensure that the government has a diverse workforce and provides opportunities to those who may have been disadvantaged due to their time serving in the military.

Learn more about Veterans’ Preference:

‍‍This post was written by Nancy Segal in collaboration with Federal Career Connection, Inc., an independently organized educational nonprofit organization who are grounded in community service and commitment to helping individuals in career transition. Learn more about the partnership by clicking here!

7 Things You May Not Know About Veterans Preference

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As many of you know, veterans receive hiring priority for many federal (and state) government positions. Like most things in the federal government (and elsewhere), it can be complicated.

Here are 7 things you may not have known.

  1. Veterans’ preference does not expire. If your military service dates back to the Viet Nam war—or even earlier, your veterans’ preference is still usable.
  2. You may use your veterans’ preference more than once (there’s actually no limit to how many times you may use it).
  3. Veterans’ preference does not count for all federal hiring. If you are applying for a position that is open to status applicants or those already in the federal government, veterans preference does not count [even if you’re a vet or applying under the Veterans Employment Opportunity Act (VEOA)]; likewise, veterans’ preference is not always used in excepted service hiring or for positions filled under direct hire. Veterans’ preference is used for what is called delegated examining, competitive service hiring—basically hiring for people who have not worked for the government before. Please note this is an oversimplification; I’m just trying to make the point that veterans’ preference doesn’t always count.
  4. You may have multiple veterans’ hiring eligibilities. Depending on your personal situation, you may be eligible for several kinds of veterans’ eligibility and preference. Check out www.fedshirevets.gov to learn more about the various eligibilities available to veterans (and spouses). If you’re still not sure, look at the Department of Labor’s decision tree: https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/vets/vetpref/mservice.htm. When you apply, be sure to use all eligibilities you can.
  5. Just because you’re a veteran, doesn’t mean that you must be hired. Agencies have multiple ways to hire people. Even if you’re applying for a competitive service position under delegated examining, you are likely not the only veteran who is applying—and agencies can hire any similarly situated veteran. Or they can hire from a list of status applicants. Or they can hire a candidate who is eligible under another direct hire or excepted service. Being a veteran—even with a service connected disability—does not guarantee you a job.
  6. Noting that you’re a veteran but failing to include the required documentation (DD-214 and / or SF-15) will mean that your veterans’ eligibility will likely not be counted. Upload your documents to USAJOBS and make sure your documents are readable.
  7. Military spouses have preference too! If you’re a military spouse, you’re likely eligible for noncompetitive hiring. Again, agencies do not have to use this authority but they can. Check this out for additional information: https://www.fedshirevets.gov/job-seekers/spouses-of-active-duty-military-members/#content.

9 Things They Didn’t Tell You About Transitioning out of the Military

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If you are thinking about transitioning from your military to your civilian career, you probably attended TAP. Even if you paid attention during your TAP class, there are (at least) 9 things they didn’t talk about:

1. Transition is hard. If you have spent your entire adult life in the military, transitioning to civilian life is hard. You will likely be around people who have never served in the military—and in some cases you may be the first military member your new colleagues will have met! That means your new colleagues may not understand your experience or the language you use. You’ll need to translate your skills and experience into civilian “speak.” Most nonmilitary personnel do not know the difference between a Corporal and a Colonel, or a Brigade or Battalion.

2. You may not make as much money as you had hoped. Competition for jobs is fierce, whether you are targeting the federal sector or the private sector. And wages in many industries have been stagnant. You may not be able to match your military income, depending upon where you live and what you decide to do. In addition, you may not have access to the services you had as an active duty military member—depending upon your individual situation, you may have to pay for medical insurance and housing costs, your taxable income may be different, etc.

3. Veterans preference alone will not get you a job. You may have heard that as someone who has veterans’ preference, it will be easy to get a job in the federal government. The reality is that most federal job postings receive hundreds, if not a 1,000 or more applications. In most cases, a significant percentage of those applications are from those who have veterans’ preference—and many separating military members receive a 30%+ compensable disability rating. I worked with one agency which received 1,200 applications for a GS-6 position—and 900 of the applicants had a disability rating of 30%+.

4. Getting a job—whether federal or private sector—will take time. You should start looking for job prior to separation; if you’re targeting the federal government, consider using the VOW Act (see: https://chcoc.gov/content/vow-veterans-opportunity-work-hire-heroes-act-2011) prior to separation to receive veterans’ preference consideration. If you are selected prior to your military separation, most employers will wait a period of time for you to be able to start. I tell separating military members that they should expect 6-12 months of job search. Of course, you could get a job sooner but its good to be realistic about how long it could take.

5. No, you cannot “do anything.” I often hear from people who say that they can “do anything;” the military instills a “can do” spirit in its members. While this is obviously good, most employers want to know specifics. You need to be able to talk about the specific thing you can do, along with your accomplishments.

6. A general resume does not work. TAP often encourages transitioning military members to have a “master resume.” Again, whether you are targeting federal or private sector jobs, you need a targeted resume that speaks to the knowledge, skills, and abilities you bring to the table in the context of the jobs you are targeting. Rather than having a master resume, you may want to have multiple resumes, each focused on a different career field and using the key words / target language for the specific industry. And, if you are focused on the private sector, your resume will likely be run through Applicant Tracking Software (ATS) which will search for specific key words.

7. If you want to go the government contracting route, understand the risk. Make sure the position and contract are real (and have been funded) before you stop looking elsewhere. And ask when the contract ends—you want to know that the contract still as some “life” on it—there is no guarantee that the contract will be re-competed or that the contracting company will win. And if not, you could be on the street.

8. Yes, you need to network. In the private sector especially—and even in the federal sector—who you know does matter. The time to network is before you separate. A Department of Labor study shows that 80% of all job selections come from professional networks. Hiring is a risk for employers (they never know what they’re going to get) so being referred by a current employee is a huge plus. Reach out to one of the many military networking groups. Join LinkedIn and be an active participant. Talk to people about what you want to do and have your elevator speech ready to go.

9. Don’t be afraid to ask for help. This could mean getting assistance in figuring out what you really want to, writing your resume, practicing interviewing skills, etc. There is a lot of assistance out there for transitioning military members—both free and paid. You didn’t serve alone; you don’t have to transition alone either!

Translating Military Experience into Civilian Language

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You have been told over and over again to translate your military experience into civilian language. Why is this important? Even, if you are looking for a position with the Department of Defense (DOD) or in a defense company, the people reading your resume may not have military experience themselves or the Applicant Tracking Software (ATS), in the case of private sector jobs, may not be programmed for military-specific language or acronyms.

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Understanding Veterans’ Preference, Part 3/3

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Our third and final article about veterans’ preference is about “points” and how they work in federal hiring. As discussed in earlier articles, veterans’ preference is applicable in hiring, not for internal promotions, reassignments, and other personnel actions regarding existing federal employees. Veterans preference points apply only in announcements that are open to all citizens / all sources / delegated examining. Veterans’ preference points do not count for postings that are open to status applicants, even if the applicant is applying under VEOA.

Veterans’ preference can be confusing. Veterans’ preference eligibility is based on dates of active duty service, receipt of a campaign badge, Purple Heart, or a service-connected disability. Please know that not all active duty service may qualify for veterans’ preference.

Only veterans discharged or released from active duty in the armed forces under honorable conditions are eligible for veterans’ preference. This means you must have been discharged under an honorable or general discharge.

If you are a “retired member of the armed forces” you are not included in the definition of preference eligible unless you are a disabled veteran OR you retired below the rank of major or its equivalent.

There are basically three types of preference eligibles, disabled (10-point preference eligible), non-disabled (5-point preference eligible) and sole survivorship preference (0 point preference eligible).

You are a 0-point Preference eligible – no points are added to the passing score or rating of a veteran who is the only surviving child in a family in which the father or mother or one or more siblings:
1. Served in the armed forces, and
2. Was killed, died as a result of wounds, accident, or disease, is in a captured or missing in action status, or is permanently 100 percent disabled or hospitalized on a continuing basis (and is not employed gainfully because of the disability or hospitalization), where
3. The death, status, or disability did not result from the intentional misconduct or willful neglect of the parent or sibling and was not incurred during a period of unauthorized absence.

You are a 5-point preference eligible if your active duty service meets any of the following:
1. For more than 180 consecutive days, other than for training, any part of which occurred during the period beginning September 11, 2001, and ending on August 31, 2010, the last day of Operation Iraqi Freedom, OR
2. Between August 2, 1990 and January 2, 1992, OR
3. For more than 180 consecutive days, other than for training, any part of which occurred after January 31, 1955 and before October 15, 1976.
4. In a war, campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized or between April 28, 1952 and July 1, 1955.

You are a 10-point preference eligible if you served at any time, and you:
1. have a service connected disability, OR
2. received a Purple Heart.

Most agencies use what is called Category Rating for all citizens’ announcements; in essence, this means that applicants are assigned to one of (typically) three categories: best qualified, well qualified, and qualified. Another way to think about the categories is gold, silver, bronze. In category rating, points are not added to an applicant’s score; instead veterans who meet basic qualifications for a given job posting are assigned to a category.

Preference eligibles are divided into five basic groups as follows:

  • CPS – Disability rating of 30% or more (10 points)
  • CP – Disability rating of at least 10% but less than 30% (10 points)
  • XP – Disability rating less than 10% (10 points)
  • TP – Preference eligibles with no disability rating (5 points)
  • SSP – Preference eligibles with no disability rating (0 points)

Disabled veterans receive 10 points regardless of their disability rating. There is no “extra credit” for a disability rating in excess of 30%.

Preference eligibles who have a compensable service-connected disability of 10% or more (CPS, CP) are placed at the top of the highest category on the referral list (except for scientific or professional positions at the GS-9 level or higher). XP, TP, and SSP preference eligibles are placed above non-preference eligibles within their assigned category. For positions at the grade 9 and above which require education, veterans appear at the top of the category for which they are rated. For example, for a position in the Accounting job series which requires 24 hours of accounting, a 30% compensably rated applicant could be placed in the gold, silver, or bronze category, depending upon their qualifications; in a job series which does not require education, that same applicant would automatically be assigned to the gold category (assuming that they meet basic qualifications).

Veterans’ preference is complicated and more nuanced than I have been able to present in these 3 articles. There are some veterans who do not get points, and others who can use veterans’ preference in multiple ways. A good source of information about veterans’ hiring in the federal government is Feds Hire Vets, which bills itself as the One Stop Resource for Federal Veteran Employment Information. https://www.fedshirevets.gov/.

And, if you are still not sure of your preference eligibility, the Department of Labor has a useful decision tree which can be found: http://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/vets/vetpref/mservice.htm.

Looking to Transition from Your Military Career?

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Transitioning from the military is doable but it takes a strategic approach. Follow these tips for a successful transition:

  • Give yourself enough time. Getting a federal job takes time under the best of circumstances. Most federal job postings receive as many as 400 to 1,000 or more applications—and many of those are from former military members. I was working with an agency that posted a grade 6 position; they received 1,200 applications and 900 of them were from 30% or more compensably rated vets. Give yourself at least 6 months (and more realistically, 12-18) to get a federal job; you should start applying at least 120 days before you leave the military.

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